FAMILY EDUCATION

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

FAMILY COMMUNICATION




Written by
M. Hidayatul Husna

E1D 008 041



MATARAM UNIVERSITY

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
ACADEMIC YEAR 2011

 
Abstract.

This paper discussed about the communication among family’s members. In this paper writer analyze communication among family’s members based on the aspect of age, position in the family, power, intention and emotional state of the member. These factors will give great influence towards the communication among family’s members. Here writer will discuss how those factors above will influence the way of communication, diction, and intonation when one member communicates to other member. 
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FAMILY COMMUNICATION

A. INTRODUCTION.
1. RATIONAL.
Family is the smallest part of a social community. It represents the social community in general. If in community there is a leader who has the highest position, in family there is the head of the family who also has the highest position in the family itself. A community also has members of community which gather and formed it. In family we also have members of family which is includes grandparents, father, mother and children. This is the general view of family as the smallest part of social community.
A family also has variations in the member of the family. Those variations in members are includes the gender of member, age, position in the family, and power in the family itself. These variation in status, age and gender of course influence the method and way of communication between the members of family. The communication between children is different from communication between children and parents. The communication between grandchildren and grandparents is also different from the others communication in the family itself.
As a part of social community of course there is an interaction between the members of family. As mention before, this communication among family members are unique and interesting to analyze.

2. PROBLEM.
The problems that writer what to focus discuss in this paper are:
a. Factors that influence the communication among family members such as: age, gender, position in family, and power.
b. In what situation these factors influence the communication in family.
c. Is there any situation or other factor that make those factors above do not work or influence the communication in family.
3. PURPOSE.
The purposes of this study are:
a. To find out what factors influence the communication among family members.
b. To find out in what situation these factors influence the communication in family.
c. To find out is there any situation or other factors that make those factors do not influence the communication in family.

B. THEORY.
1. KEY TERMS.
To be able to understand more about family communication, people need to understand the definition of each of these terms. However many people does not care about the definition of these terms anymore, since they believe they understand and know what does it mean. In order to understand more about the communication among family’s member, writer will define what is family and communication.
The definition of family is changing from the old time. In the old time people believe family is a group of people who bound by blood and biological relationship. This type of family also known as biological family. However now days expert believe that family is not only based on those terms. According to Noller and Fitzpatric family is a group of people who shared the same generic sense of house, group identity, experience and future. Based on this definition, family is not only strict at the definition as biological family anymore. This theory also influences the type and interaction among family. However in this paper writer will focus on the biological family definition, since the object of the observation of this project is a biological family.
Communication is the process of delivered massage from one person to other person. The person who delivered massage call as addresser or speaker, and person who receive massage call as addressee or listener. In the communication, the speaker will delivered massage by using symbol or language to refer to an object. The point in communication is how people can understand each other or understand the massage that convey in the communication itself.
Family communication environment refers to the two factors that communicant need to consider, they are inter-subjectivity and interactivity. Inter-subjectivity refers to the sharing subject of the conversation among communicant. In the communication, communicants must share the same subject or topic of the conversation. By sharing the same topic, communication will flows smoothly among the communicant. In the other hand if the inter-subjectivity is not form in a good way, the conversation will in trouble and could be become miscommunication. The inter-subjectivity in communication is also share the same theory as a part of Grice Maxim’s communication theory. Grice Maxim’s theory about relevance in communication also talks about how this part could build an effective communication. This paper will discuss the Grice Maxim’s relevance theory later on.
The other part of family communication environment is interactivity. Interactivity in family communication refers to the way in which family’s member maintain its own structure through pattern of the family member’s responses to each other communications act (Ascan F. Koerner & Marry Anne Fitzpatrick). In communication each communicant will give response to his or her partner act. This response of course should be relevant and make the other communicant feel comfortable and at ease with it.

2. COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
A communication although essential however it is not always easy to do. Every people have their own ability and capability in communicate with other people. Even in the family itself, communication is not that easy. Sometimes people try to hold what they want to say or talk too much and bother the other member. In family communication this is even more complicated than others, in some way.
To be able to become a good communicant, people need to have some skills related to communication. Communication involves some skills such as interpersonal skill, rapport, and active listening. The point of interpersonal skill is the ability to communicate with other people where the communicant put people at ease during the communication, how to respect people, and how to interrupt or turn taking in the communication. This skill is shown by how people address their partner, whether they use polite language or not to address others. Interpersonal skill also shown by how people respect’s other opinion, argument or theory. If someone could respect other’s people, even if they are not adopt the same tough, they may consider have good interpersonal skill.
Rapport is the ability to build a connection, relationship, and understanding with other people in communication. In order to do so, communicant need to show that they are open minded and respects other people opinion. This relationship also will be better if people could share the same interest or hobby. The last skill is listening skill. As communicators, someone not only should be able to speak but they also need to active listen to their partner.
As mention before family communication is rather complex compare to other conversation. Family has different way of communication, this part related to how the family identifies who is in charge of the family, age, power, emotional state, and position in the family. Communication between parents and children for example is different from the communication between children itself.
In their communication with children, parents need to control their emotion and watch their response to make children feel comfortable. To do so, parents need to use polite word and which could encourage children. In this case parents could reflect children’s word to ask them what the problem is. For example when children said “I hate going to school on Monday” parents should act by reply “sounds like your school is bored today?”. By doing so hopefully Beside the word, the intonation while talking is also needs an attention. While talking with children parents supposed to keep their intonation slow soft. This is important to encourage children to speak and bring front their opinion or argument about the topic. By doing so hopefully the communication will goes well.
Parents also need to listen to what their children talking about and response it well. Listening is very essential skill in communication, every people can speak well however only few people who are good listeners. To encourage children to speak make sure to listen to their problem. Asked them by using question which gives them chance to explained their problems or opinions instead of using question which is answered by “yes” or “no”.

C. DATA
1. SOURCE.
The source of the data that used in this paper is taken from the writer’s family. The writer used his own family as a data source because it is the nearest data source around the writer which is the writer could access. This family consists of five members, grandmother, father, mother, older son and younger son.
Although the data source is from writer’s own family, the data which are collected by writer are valid and dependable. This data is gathered from the family daily conversations which are recorded by the writer and the data also could involve the writer in it.

2. FIELD DATA.
The data for this assignment is taken by using note taking method. Writer writes the conversation among the family’s member that he heard. However not all of the conversation is used as the primary data for this assignment only few conversations which is suitable for the assignment is taken. Here are the conversations that used in this paper as primary data.
Ibuk : Ngkeh pade mangan wah masak jangan ne.
Bapak : Ok, mangan juluk the.
Ibuk : Husna, kuehan Papuq ne ngelor
Husna : Ngeh, (.9) Puq de ngelor
Papuq : Oq.
Papuk : Wah mek mangan.
Imam : wah.
Ibuq : Mbe Imam?
Papuq : Wah ne ongkat ne.

Imam : asalamualaikum, bukaan ku lawang.
Husna : aoq anteh mendak.
Imam : (10) Ndaq man lenting jak ku lalo malik
Imam : (10) lenting lawang ne.
Husna : de ngenteng ni?
Imam : aoq ne lek bale Banyot
Imam : temaq montorno
Husna : aok.

Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
Imam : Ante alo.
Husna : Mbe kepeng de mae?
Imam : Kepeng meq kadu.
Husna : Kepeng de sene, bareh aku meli.
Imam : Matong mae.
Husna : Ndarak kepeng ku.

Ibu : Jaq de jok mbe?
Bapak : Jaq Bapak ngeles lek sekolah.
Ibu : Burong de begawah?
Bapak : Jemaq wah, wah kedong te bejanji lek kanak-kanak no.
Ibu : Aoq wah.

Papuq : Ndak sedut kertasni, jemak te jualne.
Bapak : Aok la!
Papuq : Rubin sedut meq ye.
Bapak : La maseh lueq no!

Imam : Te lekaq, asalamualaikum.
Bapak : waalaikumsalam.
Imam : Buq, endeng kepeng te beli minyak
Ibuq : Ngeh, anteh mendak

Husna : Ape beli de ni?
Imam : Yakitate japan.
Husna : ngak ne baru?
Imam : Lueq sene.
Belian te es alo
Husna : embe kepengde?
Imam : kepeng mek kadu, wah ku mbeli komik aku.

3. SECONDARY DATA.
Writer used book referent and data from internet as secondary data to support the data and analysis of the data. The secondary data of this assignment is not only from formal books, report, journal and other formal literature. This data is also from informal literature such as magazine, article, newspaper etc.

D. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.
From the data that gathered by writer from family daily conversation, writer get process the conversation into language product in form of data transcription. From the transcription writer analyze the data to find out what factors influence the communication among family members. As the result of data analysis, writer found out some factors that influence the communication among family members. The factors that influence communication in family are:
a. Age.
Members of family have variation on age. The age of the member of a family vary from the oldest, grandparents, too the youngest, younger brother or sister. Age is the first factor which is influence communication in family.
In conversation among family members, the younger member will try to make their language more polite if they are communicate with the older member. The politeness will be shown in the word choice, intonation and the way to communicate. Consider this example (1.1).
Mother : Call grandma for dinner. (ngelor)
Husna : Ok, (.9) Granny time for dinner (ngelor).
This is the real transcription in Sasak language.
Mother : kuehan Papuq ne ngelor
Husna : Ngeh, (.9) Puq de ngelor
In the example above, the variation of age among the participant is like this; grandmother is the oldest and Husna is the youngest. In the first sentence mother use word dinner (in sasak language she used ngelor, the more polite language for older person) although she talked to her youngest son Husna. In this term mother used word dinner (ngelor) because she refer to grandmother who is her mother in law. So although mother talk to Husna she used polite language because indirectly she talk to older person, in this case grandmother.
So do Husna in the second sentence, when he reply’s to mother’s command he used word ngeh, which is the polite word to say ok in sasak language. This term as mention above is also because he is answering the older person (his mother). In this second sentence Husna also used expression dinner (ngelor) to inform grandmother that it is dinner time.
Even the pronoun choice that used to call the older person is different in Sasak language .Consider this second example (1.2) about word choice.
Imam : lock the door.
Husna : are you going to sleep at your friend house?
This is the transcription in Sasak language.
Imam : lenting lawang ne.
Husna : de ngenteng ni?
Look at the pronoun “de” that Husna used to refer to Imam, his older brother in the second sentence. Also consider the second sentence in the first example, in this sentence the pronoun “de” also appears. This pronoun is only used to call older person for example brother or grandmother. These examples show how age influences the word choice in family communication.
The intonation when family members talk to each other also influence by the age of the members. If a younger person talks to older person, they need to make their intonation no raising high. This is important since high intonation will make the younger person sound rude and un-polite.
Look at the example one, think about the sign of intonation that shown by the arrow. In sentence two Husna call his grandmother with falling intonation, this first intonation is to show that He is calling his grandmother for something. This falling intonation also shows that Husna is calling his grandmother from some place which is apart from grandmother place, kitchen for example. The second intonation also has the same role with the first falling intonation. Both of this intonation is to make the speech sounds more polite.
Think about this example below.
Husna : Grandma dinner
In this example the conversation uses raising intonation. If the speaker talks by using this intonation, it will make the speaker sounds angry and commanding to the listener. If a younger person uses this kind of intonation to address older person it will consider rude and very impolite. Even though they addresser use right and polite word to communicate with the addressee, it will still consider impolite.
The way or method of conversation also influence by age. Younger person need to use method which is considers as polite way to talk. These manners are includes nonverbal language such as eye contact, gesture, also the space to talk. Gesture that used to call or invite older person is different from the way to invite equal age person. The space is also must close or at least directly to the person.
All of those examples above show how age influence the communication from younger person to older person in a sasak family. However age does not influence communication from older person to younger person. In the family that takes as sample of this study does not show any influence of the age towards communication between the older to younger person. Consider this example below. Example (1.3)
Grandmother : have you eat?
Imam : yes I have
Sasak translation.
Papuk : wah mek mangan.
Imam : wah.
From that example above, we can see that grandmother does not need to use polite language to communicate with her grandson Imam. In the example grandmother uses word “mek” and “mangan” instead of “side” and “ngelor”. This is because from age point of view grandmother is older than Imam.

b. Position in family.
The classification of family’s member also falls into the position inside the family. This position divided into elder or grandparents, parents such as mother and father, and the last one is children, daughter and son.
Position in the family also influences the way to communicate among family members. Even sometime this position could ignore the age influence in communication. This is shown in this example (2.1).
Imam : bring in the bike.
Husna : ok.
Sasak translation.
Imam : temaq montorno
Husna : aok.
In that conversation if we consider it from the age Husna use impolite language to reply Imam’s command, Instead of using word “ngeh”, he uses “aok”. This is because based on the position in family, Imam and Husna is in the equal position, children of the family.
Let’s look back to the second example in the age explanation where Imam and Husna have a conversation. In that conversation Husna use polite word towards Imam by calling him side “de”. Compare to the example 2.1 above, he used less polite language towards his brother. This is because in the example 2.1 Imam giving direct order to Husna, which is according to his position in the family is not appropriate, unless if he use word please. Imam and Husna both have that is why both of them cannot give order to each other, it is better if they are asking for help.
While in example 1.2 Husna use word de because he is asking question and in this position Husna put himself in the position someone who need something, at this point is information. That is why he used polite language beside because of the age variable influence.
Here is other example to make the explanation about influence of position in family toward the communication among family’s members. Example (2.2)
Imam : Buy me some snack.
Husna : You can go by your self
Translation in Sasak language.
Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
In this conversation shown that position in family does not only change the word choice but also change the intonation when someone talks. As shown in example 2.2 when Imam asked Husna to buy some snack Husna replies with little bit higher intonation than usual. That example shown that the intonation is changing into the impolite state, where he should not used it.
However the position in family only influences communication among children it does not influence the communication between parents. Consider this example below (2.3)
Mother : Where are you going?
Father : I am going to give course at school.
Sasak translation.
Ibu : Jaq de jok mbe?
Bapak : Jaq Bapak ngeles lek sekolah.
As shown in example 2.3, mother used polite language “de” to address father although they have the same position as parent. The intonation that used by mother is also appropriate with the question sentence and politeness. Unlike children who still use some impolite language and manner in their communication, parents used polite language and manner in their communication. This is shown that communication between mother and father does not influence by position in family.

c. Power.
According to power point of view, a father has bigger power than the other family’s members. Father has the biggest power in family because he is the leader of the family. This power of course influences the communication in family itself, especially communication which involve the superior person in the family.
Consider this example (3.1) below
Grandmother : Don’t burn those papers, I will sell it tomorrow
Father : I know it.!
Grandmother : You burn it yesterday
Father : There are plenty of them!
Here is the Sasak translation.
Papuq : Ndak sedut kertasni, jemak te jualne.
Bapaq : Aok la!
Papuq : Rubin sedut meq ye.
Bapak : La maseh lueq no!
According to age and position in family, grandmother is the most superior people in the family, since she is the oldest family’s member and mother of father itself. However in that example father use less polite language to communicate with grandmother. As shown in that example father used word “aok” rather than “ngeh” which is more polite than the first one. Not only the word choice but also the intonation that is used is also high and rather impolite to use to someone older. In that conversation father used high intonation.

d. Intention.
The next aspect that influences the communication among family’s member is the intention in the conversation. When someone has intention that he or she after, they will use more polite language, intonation and watch the manner of communication to get it. This intention could be asking for help, or other thing. Look at the example (4.1) below.
Imam : Mom, I need some money to buy gaso.
Mother : Ok, wait a minute.
Here is the original sasak translation.
Imam : Buk, endeng kepeng mae te beli minyako.
Ibuk : Ngeh. Anteh mendak.
From the example above, show that Imam used soft pronunciation when he ask some money. This is represents by symbol o in the end of the sentence. Not only that, in that conversation imam also used low intonation in it. Some people could miss it with the respect because of age and mother position in the family. However he used that manner in conversation to gain what he desire to, in this case to get some money for gas.
Some conversation could influence by many aspects, in the example above the conversation is not only influence by intention only but also by age, and position in the family. However the stress point is in the influence of intention, than the others variables. Consider the next example to make it clear. Example 4.2
Imam : Buy me some snack.
Husna : You can go by your self
Translation in Sasak language.
Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
In that example above both of the communicators are in the same position in the family, as children. Based on the aged Imam is older than Husna, however Imam used low intonation which make his sentence sounds more polite. Even though he does not use any word which could make his request sounds more polite, the intonation that he used is enough.
Unlike the previous example in this example based on the age and position in family Imam does not need to used polite word to communicate with his younger brother Husna. However because Imam has intention that he wants to gain in this conversation, that is why he chose to use polite intonation for request. The low intonation is symbolized by arrow ( ).

e. Emotional State
The next variable that influences the communication among family’s members is the emotional state of the family’s member. The emotions that can be occur in the family such as happiness, sadness, angry, upset, satisfaction and other human emotion. Each of emotional state could cause different way of communication among family’s members.
Consider this example 5.1 below.
Imam : Buy me some ice.
Husna : Where is your money.?
Here is the sasak translation.
Imam : Belian te es alo
Husna : Mbe kepeng de?.
This conversation happened after Imam come home and bought new comic books, which make Husna fell happy. If we compare to the example 2.2 when Imam ask Husna to buy snack for him, Husna rejected his command. However in this example Husna’s reply indicates that he wants to buy an ice for Imam. This reply is very contrast compared with the example 2.2.
In this example Husna does use any polite language to imam. As show in that example Husna use polite language “de” to address Imam. This part shows that he respects his brother. However pronoun “de” is not enough to indicate how emotional state influences family conversation. This is because Husna also used pronoun “de” to address Imam even when he is angry or rejecting Imam’s order. However we know that Husna try to be more polite in this conversation from his intonation.
Husna’s intonation is polite enough to reply a request from someone older than him. As shown in the conversation above instead of using high intonation as in example 2.2, Husna used falling intonation to reply the order. This intonation is shown by the arrow ( ). This example show that emotional state of the communicant is also influences the way of communication, even sometimes it has bigger influence than position in family.

E. CONCLUSION.
Family as a smallest part of a social group in society is becomes the good representative of the social group in terms of the communication. Communication among family member also represents the communication in society.
Family is a group of people who are connected by biological relationship who are share the same vision of experience and future. In the other hand communication is the process of delivering massages from a person to other person. The person who delivered massages called as addresser and the person who receives massage called as addressee.
The skills that required in terms to build an effective communication are: interpersonal skill, rapport, and active listening. Interpersonal skill is the ability to make communication partner feel at ease and feel comfortable to communicate. Rapport is the ability to build a good connection and relationship between or among communicant. The last skill is listening skill, this is the most important skill in communication.
The communication among family’s member itself is influence by some aspect such as: age, power, position inside the family emotional state, and intention. Each of these factors influence one after another. Even sometimes a communication can be influence by two or more factors at the same time. These factors also influence each other one factor could im-power the other factor.
These factors of family communication influence the communication in the family in terms of word choice, intonation and manner of communication. Those factors of family communication could turn the word choice from polite word to rude word or the as backward. Intonation while communicating is also influence by these five factors. Each of these factors could make the intonation of a communicant raise or down. The last communication ability that influence by communication factors is manner of communication.
 
Reference (bibliografi)
Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. 1987. Cambridge Textbook In Linguistic.
Hatch, Evelyn. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge Language Teaching Library.
Wooffitt, Robin. Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis.
Prof. Mahyuni. Speech Styles and Cultural Consciousness in Sasak Community.
Rausch, Aadron. Farm and Family Connection: Communication in the Family. Farm Business Management for the 21st Century series. Edition 2001
Gebeke, Deb and Kim Bushaw. Family Communication and Family Meetings. 1995. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/famsci/fs522w.htm
Koerner, Ascant F and Mary Anne Fitzpatric. Towards Theory of Family Communication. Copyright 2002 International Communication Asociation.
Bailey, Sandra J. Positive Family Communication. Montana state University.
Holmes, Patricia H and Marilyn A Sachs. Family Communication Overcoming Obstacles. Fact Sheet: Family and Consumers Sciences edition 2007.

TERSENYUM - MENGHINDARI PERTENGKARAN

Dalam kehidupan kita sebagai mahluk sosial tentunya kita selalu berhubungan dengan orang-orang lain disekitar kita. Dalam hubungan tersebut tidak dapat dihindari terjadinya gesekan-gesekan dan konflik-konflik kecil. Sering kali dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita bertengkar dengan orang-orang terdekat, dengan keluarga, dan sahabat terkarib. Tidak jarang suatu pertengkaran dipicu oleh hal-hal yang sepele seperti lupa mengembalikan barang, makanan yang terlalu asin atau terlalu pedas, keterlambatan, dan hal-hal kecil lainnya. Kita tidak menyadari pertengkaran pertengkaran yang timbul terlepas dari besar kecilnya pertengkaran tersebut dapat menimbulkan keretakan dan suasana tidak nyaman dalam hubungan kita dengan orang-orang yang kita sayangi.

Hal sederhana yang bisa kita semua lakukan untuk menghindari pertengkaran tersebut adalah denga tersenyum dan mengendalikan emosi. Sering kali kita mendengar orang-orang menyarankan kepada teman atau keluarga mereka yang mengalami pertengkaran atau hal-hal yang kurang menyenangkan dengan berkata "senyum saja dan bersabar." Jika kita dapat tersenyum dan bersabar untuk orang lain lantas mengapa kita tidak dapat tersenyum dan bersabar untuk pasangan kita, orang tua kita, saudara dan sahabat kita.

Cobalah untuk tersenyum jika ada sesuatu yang membuat anda jengkel atau marah. Tersenymlah dan katakanlah "ini bukan masalah besar", "ini bukan kesalahan Anda", "ini sebuah ketidaksengajaan". Tersenyumlah dan kemarahan anda akan berkurang bahkan menghilang.

Tentu saja tidak mudah untuk tersenyum saat perasaan anda sedang jengkel atau marah. Tidak mudah untuk tersenyum pada orang yang menyakiti anda atau berbuat kesalahan pada anda. Akan tetapi paksakan diri anda untuk tersenyum, latihlah diri anda untuk bersabar dan tersenyum. Yakinkanlah diri anda bahwa kesalaha-kesalahan itu tidak terlalu penting dan tidak disengaja. Dengan membiasakan diri Anda untuk tersenyum maka anda akan dapat tersenyum pada situasi sesulit apapun.

Tidak mudah untuk menerapkan suatu kebiasaan baru, akan tetapi apabila anda mampu membiasakan diri untuk tersenyum dan bersabar dalam situasi yang buruk, anda akan dapat menghindari pertengkaran-pertengkaran yang tidak perlu. Dengan tersenyum kepada teman-teman, pasangan, saudara dan orangtua, anda akan menjalin hubungan yang lebih rukun dengan mereka semua. Tersenyumlah karena anda dan orang-orang disekitar anda akan bahagia.

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Namun sayang seiring dengan perubahan generasi dan derasnya arus moderenitas cerita-cerita rakyat asli Indonesia mulai terlupakan. Cerita-cerita rakyat tergusur oleh sinetron, film, komik, dan novel yang memuat/ menampilkan cerita-cerita dari luar negeri. Point penting yang perlu diperhatikan adalah tema dari film, kartun, novel dan komik asing tersebut sebagian merupakan cerita-cerita rakyat dari luar negeri yang ditampilkan dalam versi modern.

Cerita-cerita seperti ninja, samurai, penyihir, putri, monseter dan ksatria ditampilkan dalam versi yang lebih mampu menarik minat publik. Dibandingkan dengan menceritakan ulang cerita lewat mulut (bercerita) ataupun dalam bentuk cerpen, film dan komik lebih banyak menarik minat orang-orang. Dengan cara ini beberapa negara lain seperti Jepang, Cina, Korea, dan negara-negara barat berhasil memperkenalkan kebudayaan dan negaranya masing-masing kepada masyarakat internasional.

Dalam hal ini pemerintah Indonesia dan seluruh elemen masyarakat yang terlibat perlu mencontoh metode yang digunakan negara-negara tersebut dalam melestarikan dan mempopulerkan cerita-cerita rakyat sekaligus mempromosikan kebudayaan Indonesia. Kita perlu menyajikan cerita-cerita asli rakyat Indonesia dalam format yang lebih menarik. Seperti yang telah dibahas sebelumnya setiap cerita rakyat membawa nilai moral dan budaya khas dari setiap daerah di Indonesia. Dengan menampilkan cerita rakyat dalam format yang lebih menarik diharapkan dapat menarik minat tidak hanya masyarakat nasional tetapi juga masyarakat internasional, dengan demikian secara tidak langsung kita juga telah memperkenalkan nilai kebudayaan kita.

Upaya untuk menampilkan cerita rakyat dalam format komik, kartun dan film telah dimulai oleh beberapa seniman dan industri film di Indonesia. Beberapa diantaranya antara lain Si Unyil, Kabayan dan Liplap, Hebring, Naga Bonar (dalam format film dan kartun) Gajah Mada, Roro Jongrang, Calon Arang (dalam format novel) Ramayana (dalam format komik). Karya-karya tersebut cukup berhasil menarik perhatian masyarakat, terutama dalam format novel dan komik. Novel dan komik yang menampilkan cerita rakyat tersebut tidak kalah menarik dengan Novel dan Komik lain baik dalam maupun luar negeri dari segi tampilan dan isi cerita. Demikian pula dengan cerita rakyat yang ditampilkan dalam format film. Beberapa film tersebut memperoleh apresiasi yang sangat besar dari pemirsa baik dalam dan luar negri. Namun sayang tidak demikian halnya dengan cerita rakyat dalam versi kartun, versi ini belum mampu bersaing dengan kartun-katun lain dari luar negri.

Kedepannya kelak kita semua berharap agar cerita rakyat indonesia akan ditampilkan dengan lebih menarik sehingga mampu bersaing dan menarik perhatian masyarakat secara nasional maupun internasional. Dengan dorongan pemerintah dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam melindungi dan mempromosikan cerita-cerita rakyat asli negeri kita tentunya keberadaan cerita-cerita rakyat tersebut tidak akan mudah terlupakan apalagi tergerus oleh zaman.

INSPIRE

Banyak orang bilang kalau inspirasi dalam menulis itu bisa datang dari mana saja, dan dalam bentuk apa saja. Apa yang dialami seseorang, apa yang disukai, apa yang tidak disukai, apa yang dilihat, apa yang didengar. Seribu saru macam hal dapat menjadi dan menimbulkan inspirasi dalam menulis. Akan tetapi apa itu benar? Apa semua itu berlaku bagi setiap orang?

Tentu saja itu benar adanya, inspirasi menulis itu bisa datang dari mana saja, kapan saja dan di mana saja. Menulis merupakan bentuk expresi diri, karena itu tulisan yang dibuat bisa berbentuk dan bertemakan apa saja yang dikehendaki penulis. Misalnya seseorang yang senang menonton sepak bola dan tahu banyak mengenai sepak bola dapat membuat tulisan seputar sepak bola. Tulisan tersebut dapat berupa panduan dan trik-trik dalam bermain sepak bola, ulasan pertandingan, profil pemain terkenal atau berita terkini seputar sepak bola.

Inspirasi tidak hanya datang dari rasa suka dan pengetahuan akan sesuatu, bahkan rasa tidak suka dan ketidaktahuan akan sesuatu bisa menjadi inspirasi dalam menulis. Ketidak sukaan yang dituangkan dalam tulisan mungkin saja bisa bermanfaat dan menghasilkan sesuatu yang positif. Bahkan apabila tulisan tersebut dimuat dalam media cetak ataupun yang lainnya, dapat menghasilkan apresiasi yang lebih besar lagi (tidak menutup kemungkinan menjadi sumber penghasilan). Sebagai contoh seseorang yang tidak suka merokok dan ingin orang lain untuk berhenti merokok dapat membuat ulasan seputar rokok dan bahaya yang terkandung di dalamnya.

Setiap orang mempunyai hal yang disukai dan hal yang tidak disukai dan pengetahuan yang beragam akan hal yang berbeda. Tentu saja setiap orang dapat menulis berbagai hal yang berbeda dengan adanya rasa suka dan pengetahuan tentang berbagai hal tersebut. Perasaan dan pengetahuan akan sesuatu merupakan modal inspirasi dalam menulis. Jadi jika ditanya "Apakah semua orang bisa mendapat inspirasi dari mana saja?" "Apakah semua orang bisa menulis?". Saya yakin jawabannya iya semua orang bisa mendapat inspirasi dan menulis dengan itu.

Dengan inspirasi yang sudah didapat semua orang bisa menulis, itu yang saya yakini. Akan tetapi untuk bisa menulis dengan baik adalah suatu persoalan yang berbeda. Dalam tulisan ini saya tidak mengajarkan cara menulis yang baik. Tulisan saya sendiri belum cukup baik. Disini saya hanya mencoba untuk menuangkan inspirasi yang saya miliki kedalam bentuk tulisan. Saya percaya dengan mulai menulis dan terus menulis seseorang akan memperoleh pengalaman dan akan dapat menulis dengan lebih baik dari waktu ke waktu.

"entahlah"

 "entahlah"

Dalam kehidupan itu tidak ada hal yang pasti. hanya karena satu kesalahan saja semua yang direncanakan dan diharapkan bisa berubah menjadi kekacauan. Jika sudah jadi seperti itu tidak ada lagi yang bisa dilakukan selain tetap menjalaninya dengan sabar dan penuh keyakinan.

Terkadang saat melakukan sesuatu, orang akan mengalami keraguan akan jalan yang telah ditempuhnya. Apakah yang telah dilakukan sudah benar? Apakah hal tersebut dapat diterima dengan baik oleh orang lain? Apakah dengan seperti ini hal yang terjadi akan baik-baik saja? Kecemasan dan keraguan pada diri sendiri terus berdatangan. Meskipun demikian yang bisa dilakukan hanyalah yakin pada diri sendiri, percaya pada jalan yang telah ditempuh dan terus melangkah. Jangan terlalu memikirkan hasil akhir yang akan diperoleh nanti, terus maju dengan tegar menjalani apa yang diyakini.

pada saatnya nanti akan jelas hasil yang diperoleh. Apa yang dihasilkan dari rasa percaya akan jalan yang telah ditempuh, segala yang dijalani dengan tegar akan dapat diterima dengan baik. Paling tidak itu yang saya yakini saat ini, entah bagaimana hasilnya nanti.

Apabila hasil yang dicapai memuaskan, sukses dan dapat diterima oleh orang lain tentunya kita akan merasa bangga. Bangga akan apa yang telah ditempuh dan apa yang diyakini selama ini. Tentunya keberhasilan itu akan mempertebal keyakinan dan rasa percaya diri. Maka hendaknya jadikanlah keberhasilan itu sebagai pemicu untuk meraih keberhasilan-keberhasilan lain yang lebih besar lagi.

Dengan tidak mereasa berpuas diri akan apa yang telah dimilikinya seseorang akan dapat menjaga dan memacu semangat untuk terus berkarya. Rasa puas dan bangga yang berlebihan hanya akan menjadi penghalang yang sulit untuk dirobohkan. Dan penghalang tersebut tidak lain diciptakan oleh diri sendiri.

Tidak semua hal yang telah dilakukan dengan tekun dan penuh kesabaran akan memberi hasil yang diharapkan. Ada kalanya kegagalan datang menghampiri. Seperti hujan yang datang tiba-tiba di musim panas dan menghapus semuanya. Akan tetapi tentu saja rasa sedih dan kecewa akan kegagalan tersebut nyata dan akan tetap ada. Pada saat seperti itu tidak ada yang perlu disesali. Menangislah sekuatnya, keluarkan semua rasa sesal, sedih, dan kecewa yang ada bersama air mata dan buang jauh.\

Setelah membuang jauh semua perasaan negatif tadi, mulailah melangkah lagi. Lakukan sesuatu yang baru dan cobalah untuk meraih sukses sekali lagi. Jangan biarkan kegagalan yang telah lalu menjadi penghalang untuk kesempatan lain yang akan datang. Melangkah majulah dan raih kesuksesan sekali lagi.

by Husna & Neiya

contoh soal bhs inggris smp

ASSIGMENT 2 : GROUP WORK
LANGUAGE TESTING
LANGUAGE TEST CONSTRUCTION

   





Name of group
   
Listening     : Sri Saestu Utami (E1D 008 041)
        Rahma Yani (E1D 008 053)

Speaking    :    I Gede Gotra Satyayana (E1D 008 003)
        Augusta Christy (E1D 008 019)

Reading    : Fitriah Fahrudiningrum (E1D 008 031)
    : Baiq Tri Utari (E1D 008 017)
        Ninda Gusfita N (E1D 00049)

Writing    : Baiq Mira Febrianty (E1D 008 023)
        M Hidayatul Husna (E1D 008 041)

Vocabulary    : Nurlaelatul Hijriah (E1D 008 043)
        Kartini (E1D 008 007)

Grammar    : Dina Raskikayanti (E1D 008 009)
Mulia Septini (E1D 008 005)



ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MATARM UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC YEAR  2011


UNIT 2 TRAVELLING

Basic Competency:
Respond the meaning in a short simple monologue accurately, fluently and logically to interact with the around environment in a text in recount form.

Indicator I:
Identify the information in recount form.
Items:
Task I
Listen to the text from the tape, answer the following questions by choosing either a, b, c or d for the right answer!
1.    Which is the most suitable title for the text that you have heard?

a.    Going to the zoo
b.    Recreation
c.    Going to the temple
d.    Watching a giant snake

2.    How many people were looking at the giant snake?

a.    A few
b.    Several
c.    A lot of
d.    Some

3.    What time did the writer leave the house?

a.    3
b.    4
c.    5
d.    6

4.    How many people did the writer go to the zoo with?

a.    3
b.    4
c.    5
d.    6

5.    Where did the writer go to after going to the zoo?

a.    Borobudur temple
b.    Prambanan temple
c.    Beach
d.    Home



Task 2
Listen to your teacher, fill the blank with the word that you have heard!
Last week, Ronaldikin, his parent and his sister went a _______(1)to the beach. They prepared early in the morning. They left for the beach at _______(2) in the morning.
After getting to the _______(3), they had lunch first. They felt hungry after a long _______(4). They ate under the coconut tree on the white sand. Then they took a walk in the beach before they went home at _______(5) in the afternoon. They felt tired, but they were very happy.

Indicator II:
Identify the functional and the retoric step in recount text.
Items:
Task 3
Listen to your teacher, then make the summary by filling in the blank with the appropriate word based on the text that you have heard! After that, list the event into the table below!
One day Riko _______(1) home from school. He saw a man with a lot of things. Suddenly the man’s wallet _______(2) from his pocket. Riko gave the wallet to him. Then, he wanted to give Riko some money, but Riko _______(3) it. After that, the man asked Riko to let the man to take him home. When they _______(4) at Riko’s house the man told Riko’s parents about what happened. Riko’s parents were really _______(5) of him.

EVENTS
1.   
2.   
3.   
4.   
5.   


Indicator III:
Respond to the expressions of asking and giving opinion and fact.
Task 4
Listen carefully to the dialogue between Laila and Asep. Then, choose the right statement by giving a tick ()!
Situations:
Laila and Asep are talking about a plan for holiday.
1.    • Laila went to Praya last holiday.
• Laila went to Korea last holiday.
2.    • Laila plan to go to Praya next week.
• Laila plan to go to Korea next holiday.
3.    • Laila thinks Sukarara is a unique place.
• Asep thinks Penujak is a unique place.
4.    • Laila will not be dissapponted if she go there.
• Laila will be dissappointed if she go there.
5.    • Penujak’s people produce potteries.
• Penujak’s people produce hand woven.
Listen to the conversation once again! Identify the expression from the conversation that you have heard that is related to asking and giving fact and opinion into the table below!
FACT    OPINION
1.    2.    3.    4.        1.   
2.    3.    4.   


Task 5
Listen to the conversation and answer the questions based on the conversation that you have heard!
1.    What are Utami and Budi talking about?
2.    What does Budi think about Book II?
3.    Does Utami have the same opinion as Budi?

Task 6
Answer the questions based on the telephone conversation that you have heard!
1.    What does Mr. Johan want to do?
2.    Where is Mr. Johan going to go?
3.    How much does the cost of each person?
4.    Which hotel Mr. Johan is going to stay?
5.    What is Mr. Johan’s phone number?

Task 7
For questions number 1 and 2 listen to your teacher and answer the question based on the conversation that you have heard!
1.    What does Mirza mean?
a.    Mirza thinks fishing is boring activity.
b.    Mirza does not think fishing is boring.
c.    Mirza does not know the secret.
d.    Butet has a secret.
2.    What does Ucok mean?
a.    Ucok suggest Dadang to go to Lake Toba.
b.    Ucok asks Dadang to miss Lake toba.
c.    Lake Toba is not a good place.
d.    Lake Toba is not interesting.

Transcript
Task 1
Last week, my parents, sister, brother and I went to the zoo. We went there for recreation. We left at 6 am and arrived there at 8. It is about a hundred kilometers to go to the zoo from my house.
There were a lot of people watching a giant snake. The snake was there about a week. It was 9 meters long. I thought it was the biggest snake I had ever seen. After going around and watching various animals, we went home.
On the way home, we stopped at the Borobudur temple for half and an hour.

Task 2
Last week, Ronaldikin, his parent and his sister went a picnic to the beach. They prepared early in the morning. They left for the beach at 9 in the morning.
After getting to the beach, they had lunch first. They felt hungry after a long journey. They ate under the coconut tree on the white sand. Then they took a walk in the beach before they went home at 4 in the afternoon. They felt tired, but they were very happy.

Task 3
One day Riko was walking home from school. He saw a man coming out of a shop. The man was carrying a lot of things. He was walking toward his car.
Suddenly something fell from his pocket. Riko saw it, but the man did not realize it. Riko ran and picked up the thing. It was a wallet.
Riko called the man and said that his wallet fell off. The man stopped and turned around. He came to Riko. Then Riko gave the wallet to him.
After receiving it, the man opened the wallet and took out some money. He wanted to give the money to Riko as a reward.
But Riko refused it by saying that he didn’t want the money. He just wanted to help him.
The man smiled and said that it was all right and he was not going to give him away money. One thing that the man wanted Riko to do was that Riko let the man take him home. Riko agreed and got into the man’s car.
In the car, they talked about Riko’s school. Riko was telling him about his friends. When they arrived at Riko’s house, the man told Riko’s parents about what happened.
Riko’s parents were very proud of their son.
Source: Detik-Detik Ebtanas Lengkap SLTP

Task 4
Situations:
Laila and Asep are talking about a plan for holiday.
Laila    :    What is your plan for the holiday next week?
Asep    :    Umm, I have no idea. What about you?
Laila    :    I plan to go to Praya.
Asep    :    You went there last holiday, didn’t you?
Laila    :    Yes, I did. However, I haven’t visited some places, like Penujak and Sukarara. Have you ever visited those place?
Asep    :    Of course. They were the main destinations when I first went to Praya.
Laila    :    What do you think about Penujak?
Asep    :    I think it is a unique place. It is a village where most of its people produce potteries and other art works.
Laila    :    That sounds interesting. Do you think that Sukarara is also interesting?
Asep    :    Yes, it is. Like Penujak, many of its people produce art works. However, they produce hand woven. You won’t be dissappointed if you visit those place.

Task 5
Utami    :    I think exercises in book II are easier than those in Book I.
Budi    :    I don’t think so. That’s only for earlier units; the later units need more thinking.
Utami    :    No, I don’t agree Budi. Later units of Book II are also still easy if you really try. Just try it.
Budi    :     Oh really, Tami? Let me try it, then. Thanks.

Task 6
Mr. Johan read about Vijay Travel advertisement in the morning’s paper. He is calling them right now.
Mr. Johan    :    Good morning. I’m calling about your advertisement in the morning’s paper.
Vijay Clerk    :    Right. We really give reduced price during this month.
Mr. Johan    :    I want to travel abroad and book for the two persons.
Vijay Clerk    :    Alright. Where are you going to go, Sir?
Mr. Johan    :    Paris
Vijay Clerk    :    OK. Take a pen and write down this information for you. Your depart on Sunday at 4 p.m., flight no 810, number of days 7. The hotel is La Rossa Hotel. The price is $300 each person. You have topay a week before you depart. Excuse me, could you tell me your name, address, and telephone number, please?
Mr. Johan    :    Mr. Johannes Tambua, Jl. Kertopati 256 Surabaya. And my telephone number is (031) 5731081, and my mobile phone is 08523546041.
Vijay Clerk    :     Thank you.
Source: The Bridge-English Competence 2 for SMP

Task 7
1.    Butet    : Fishing is a boring activity, Mirza.
Mirza    : I don’t think so, Butet. It is boring if you don’t know the secret.

2.    Dadang    : Can you recommend any interesting places in North Sumatra, please?
    Ucok        : Sure. Lake Toba is certainly one good place to visit you should not miss.






Answer Key
Task 1
1.    B
2.    C
3.    D
4.    B
5.    A

Task 2
1.    picnic
2.    9 (nine)
3.    beach
4.    journey
5.    4 (four)
Task 3
1.    Went/was walking
2.    fell
3.    refused
4.    arrived
5.    proud
EVENTS
1.    Riko went home from school
2.    He saw a man
3.    The man’s wallet fell
4.    Riko gave the wallet to him
5.    The man took Riko home

Task 4
1.     Laila went to Praya last holiday.
• Laila went to Korea last holiday.
2.     Laila plan to go to Praya next week.
• Laila plan to go to Korea next holiday.
3.    • Laila thinks Sukarara is a unique place.
 Asep thinks Penujak is a unique place.
4.     Laila will not be dissapponted if she go there.
• Laila will be dissappointed if she go there.
5.     Penujak’s people produce potteries.
• Penujak’s people produce hand woven.

FACT    OPINION
1.    Penujak and Sukarara are in Praya.
2.    Penujak’s people produce potteries.
3.    Sukarara’s people produce handwoven.
4.    Potteries and handwoven are kinds of art works.    1.    Penujak is a unique place.
2.    Penujak is an interesting place.
3.    Sukarara is an interesting place.
4.    Laela will not be disappointed if she visit those places.







Task 5
1.    They are talking about exercises in book.
2.    He thinks exercises in book II are easier than those in book I.
3.    No, she does not.

Task 6
1.    He wants to travel abroad.
2.    He is going to go to Paris.
3.    The cost of each person is $300.
4.    Mr. Johan is going to stay in La Rossa Hotel.
5.    (031) 5731081

Task 7
1.    B
2.    A






































Language Testing
Basic Competency:
Respond the meaning in a short simple monologue accurately, fluently and logically to interact with the around environment in a text in recount form.

Test Section        : Writing task
Topic/Theme/Text Type    : Planning the Holiday/Recount
Indicator    : students able to make sentences by using past tense and adverb of manner
A.    Re-arrange these jumble sentences into the correct one.
1.    Explains – grammar – teacher – English – the – the, - clearly
2.    Athlete – very – win – the – ran – to – quickly – the – competition
3.    Wake – habit – up – good – early – a – in – is – morning – the
4.    In – well – the – did – examination – he
5.    The – the – patient – doctor – carefully – examines
6.    I – didn’t – the – Oscar last year – watch
7.    Weekend – last – a – DVD – I – watched
8.    Those – are - ? – original – painting
9.    Use – did – not – I – the – internet – email – or – yesterday
10.    Part – noisy – it – a – was – of town
11.    Your – please – phone – I – may – use ?
12.    The – are – destinations – country – popular – for – from – tourist – what – your
13.    Football – out – were – the – sold – tickets – the – for – championship
14.    Mechanical – cancelled – plane – a – problem – to – due – was – the
15.    Very – barking – dog’s – sounds – the – noisy

Indicator : students able to analyze the mistake in sentences and rewrite it.
B.    Find the mistake in these sentences and repair it into correct sentences.
1.    Canada  is one of the most popular country for tourists 
   A        B               C           D
2.    Do you has the guide book for canada?
A               B          C        D   
3.    You must have a passports to visit other country
     A        B           C                     D
4.    Some one who is friendly is nice and help to other people
     A          B                 C              D
5.    Our bus will leaved at a quarter past four
           A        B        C         D
6.    She teach English in Portugal more than ten years ago
    A            B        C             D
7.    Last April two British teenagers wanted to went to Australia for their summer
A       B                C                       D
vacation
8.    The girl speaks English fluent because she practices a lot
           A            B               C            D
9.    The doctor examines the patient careful with his statoscope to find the disease
      A              B        C                   D
10.    Valentino Rossi rides his bike fastly and take over  the first position
          A                   B                C           D
11.    The rescue team collect an whale from the Tuas fishing village at about 11.30 pm last
   A              B                C          D
night
12.    Mr. Husni explained phonology clear at his class yesterday
      A             B    C               D
13.    Bill Clinton and George Bush cried quite on television in front of millions people
       A      B                 C              D
14.    British psychologists and researchers say that man cry easily more easy than we think
         A            B    C      D
15.    People drive careful, but the big problem is that there aren’t any street names
           A           B                        C        D




Indicator : students able to write a recount text and a postcard.
C.    Essay
1.    Write a recount text about your last holiday.
2.    Imagine that you are in a vacation to another country (chose your own favorite country). Write a postcard to your friend informing about your vacation
3.    Write a reply of this postcard bellow.

April 25, 2011   
Dear Mr. Pendalton,
    How are things? I am very fine. I enjoy my self in Japan
I really watch the kabuki theater, love the culture here.
    Thank very much for take care of my house and pet when
I am not there. I will be home in two days.                    Mr. Jarvis Pendalton
                            Your truly        7 Drumstrang street
                            Juddy Abott        Dallas, America









Answer key
A.
1.    The teacher  explains the English grammar clearly
2.    The athlete ran very quickly to win the competition
3.    Wake up early in the morning is good habit
4.    He did well in examination
5.    The doctor examine the patient carefully
6.    I didn’t watch the Oscar last year
7.    I watch  a DVD last weekend
8.    Are those original painting?
9.    I didn’t use the internet or email yesterday
10.    It was a noisy part of town
11.    May I use your phone please
12.    What are the popular destinations from tourist from your country?
13.    The tickets for the football championship were sold out
14.    The plane was cancelled due to a mechanical problem
15.    The dog’s barking sounds very noisy
B.
1.    C     Canada is one of the most popular countries for tourists.
2.    D     Do you have the guide book for Canada?
3.    C     You must have passport to visit other country .
4.    C     Some one who is friendly is nice and helpful to other people.
5.    B     Our buss will leave at a quarter past four.
6.    D     She tough English in Portugal more than ten years a go.
7.    C     Last April two British teenagers wanted to go to Australia for their summer vacation.
8.    B     The girl speaks English fluently because she practices a lot.
9.    B     The doctor examines the patient carefully.
10.    A     Valentino Rossi rides his bike fast and takes over the first position.
11.    A     The rescue team collected a whale from the Tuas fishing village at about 11.30pm last night.
12.    B     Mr. Husni explained phonology clearly at his class yesterday
13.    A     Bill Clinton and George Bush cried quietly on television in front of millions people.
14.    D     British psychologists and researchers say that man cry easily, more easily than we think.
15.    B     People drive carefully, but the big problem is there aren’t any street names.

Essay rubric
No    Explanation    Score
1    Students able to write in correct grammar and spelling    50
2    students able to write in appropriate language (vocabulary, accuracy)    25
3    Students able to express their idea clearly    25
















Reference:
The Bridge-English competence 2 for SMP
Intensive course book 1 – university of Mataram press
Intensive course book 2 – university of mataram press

Language Testing
Basic Competency:
Respond the meaning in a short simple monologue accurately, fluently and logically to interact with the around environment in a text in recount form.

Test Section    : Grammar
Topic/Theme/Text Type    : Planning the Holiday/Recount
Indicator 1 : Use adverbs of manner
A.    Fill in the blanks using the adverbs in the following!

-    clearly
-    well
-    carefully
-    nicely
-    heavily
-    early
-    quickly
-    diligently
-    fastly
-    late
-    hard
-    fast
-    lately
-    regularly
-    completely


1.    Randy walked ... toward his mother.
2.    The light is bright enought. So I can see everything ... in this room.
3.    Rita always comes to school ... . So she never lates.
4.    She got a reward from the teacher because she could answer the question ... .
5.    My sister dressed ... on her birthday. She looked beautiful.
6.    Rahma studies ... because she wants to pass the exam.
7.    He puts the glass ... brecause it can break easily.
8.    Iwan woke up ... this morning. He missed his breakfast.
9.    His father works ... to make more money.
10.    Ahmad ran ... to get the bus.
11.    I agree ... with you because it is a nice thing to do.
12.    My friends and I join the course ... every Thursday and Saturday afternoon.
Indicator 2: Use Modal Verbs
A.    Choose the best answer. Cross T if it is false or cross F if it is true!
1.    You must study hard if you want to pass the exam.     (T/F)
2.    You cannot take a break when you are tired.     (T/F)
3.    Human beings can breath under water.     (T/F)
4.    I lost my pen. May I borrow yours?     (T/F)
5.    It is already lunch time. You should not take your meal.     (T/F)
6.    You can call me if you need a help.    (T/F)
7.    You should not win the championship if you want to get the gold medal.    (T/F)
8.    You must enter the room without knocking. You have to respect other’s privacy.    (T/F)

B.    Rewrite and correct the false sentences by using appropriate modal verbs!
Indicator 3: Writing Postcards
A.    There are some parts missing in the following postcard. You have to complete them!











B.    The following texts are the content of the reply to the postcard above. Choose the most appropriate content as the reply.
a.    Hello my friend. I’m okay now. But I have trouble with my brother. He does not let me come to his party next week.
I wish I had a sister. I miss you.
b.    Hello my friend. I’m pretty good. It was glad to receive your letter after you moved there. I miss you too, but there are a lot of things to do here.
I will be there on the next holiday.
c.    Hi friend. I’m just fine. I thought you would never send me a letter after you moved there. I wish you could come here again
I miss you too.


Answer Key
Indicator 1 : Use of adverbs of manner
A.    Fill in the blanks using the adverbs in the following!
1.    quickly
2.    clearly
3.    early
4.    well
5.    nicely
6.    diligently
7.    carefully
8.    late
9.    hard
10.    fast
11.    completely
12.    regularly
Indicator 2: Use Modal Verbs
A.    Choose the best answer. Cross T if it is false or cross F if it is true!
1.    (T)
2.    (F)
3.    (F)
4.    (T)
5.    (F)
6.    (T)
7.     (F)
8.     (F)

B.    Rewrite and correct the false sentences by using appropriate modal verbs!
1.    You can/may/might take a break when you are tired.
2.    Human beings cannot breath under water.
3.    It is already lunch time. You can/may/might take your meal.
4.    You must win the championship if you want to get the gold medal.
5.    You cannot enter the room without knocking. You have to respect other’s privacy.



Indicator 3: Writing Postcards
A.    There are some parts missing in the following postcard. You have to complete them!












B.    The following texts are the content of the reply to the postcard above. Choose the most appropriate content as the reply.
Answer: b

family communication

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

FAMILY COMMUNICATION




Written by
M. Hidayatul Husna

E1D 008 041



MATARAM UNIVERSITY

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
ACADEMIC YEAR 2011


Abstract.

This paper discussed about the communication among family’s members. In this paper writer analyze communication among family’s members based on the aspect of age, position in the family, power, intention and emotional state of the member. These factors will give great influence towards the communication among family’s members. Here writer will discuss how those factors above will influence the way of communication, diction, and intonation when one member communicates to other member. 
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FAMILY COMMUNICATION

A.    INTRODUCTION.
1.    RATIONAL.
Family is the smallest part of a social community. It represents the social community in general. If in community there is a leader who has the highest position, in family there is the head of the family who also has the highest position in the family itself. A community also has members of community which gather and formed it. In family we also have members of family which is includes grandparents, father, mother and children. This is the general view of family as the smallest part of social community.
A family also has variations in the member of the family. Those variations in members are includes the gender of member, age, position in the family, and power in the family itself. These variation in status, age and gender of course influence the method and way of communication between the members of family. The communication between children is different from communication between children and parents. The communication between grandchildren and grandparents is also different from the others communication in the family itself.
As a part of social community of course there is an interaction between the members of family. As mention before, this communication among family members are unique and interesting to analyze.

2.    PROBLEM.
The problems that writer what to focus discuss in this paper are:
a.    Factors that influence the communication among family members such as: age, gender, position in family, and power.
b.    In what situation these factors influence the communication in family.
c.    Is there any situation or other factor that make those factors above do not work or influence the communication in family.
3.    PURPOSE.
The purposes of this study are:
a.    To find out what factors influence the communication among family members.
b.    To find out in what situation these factors influence the communication in family.
c.    To find out is there any situation or other factors that make those factors do not influence the communication in family.

B.    THEORY.
1.    KEY TERMS.
To be able to understand more about family communication, people need to understand the definition of each of these terms. However many people does not care about the definition of these terms anymore, since they believe they understand and know what does it mean. In order to understand more about the communication among family’s member, writer will define what is family and communication.
The definition of family is changing from the old time. In the old time people believe family is a group of people who bound by blood and biological relationship. This type of family also known as biological family. However now days expert believe that family is not only based on those terms. According to Noller and Fitzpatric family is a group of people who shared the same generic sense of house, group identity, experience and future. Based on this definition, family is not only strict at the definition as biological family anymore. This theory also influences the type and interaction among family. However in this paper writer will focus on the biological family definition, since the object of the observation of this project is a biological family.
Communication is the process of delivered massage from one person to other person. The person who delivered massage call as addresser or speaker, and person who receive massage call as addressee or listener. In the communication, the speaker will delivered massage by using symbol or language to refer to an object. The point in communication is how people can understand each other or understand the massage that convey in the communication itself.
Family communication environment refers to the two factors that communicant need to consider, they are inter-subjectivity and interactivity. Inter-subjectivity refers to the sharing subject of the conversation among communicant. In the communication, communicants must share the same subject or topic of the conversation. By sharing the same topic, communication will flows smoothly among the communicant. In the other hand if the inter-subjectivity is not form in a good way, the conversation will in trouble and could be become miscommunication. The inter-subjectivity in communication is also share the same theory as a part of Grice Maxim’s communication theory. Grice Maxim’s theory about relevance in communication also talks about how this part could build an effective communication. This paper will discuss the Grice Maxim’s relevance theory later on.
The other part of family communication environment is interactivity. Interactivity in family communication refers to the way in which family’s member maintain its own structure through pattern of the family member’s responses to each other communications act (Ascan F. Koerner & Marry Anne Fitzpatrick). In communication each communicant will give response to his or her partner act. This response of course should be relevant and make the other communicant feel comfortable and at ease with it.

2.    COMMUNICATION SKILLS.
A communication although essential however it is not always easy to do. Every people have their own ability and capability in communicate with other people. Even in the family itself, communication is not that easy. Sometimes people try to hold what they want to say or talk too much and bother the other member. In family communication this is even more complicated than others, in some way.
To be able to become a good communicant, people need to have some skills related to communication. Communication involves some skills such as interpersonal skill, rapport, and active listening. The point of interpersonal skill is the ability to communicate with other people where the communicant put people at ease during the communication, how to respect people, and how to interrupt or turn taking in the communication. This skill is shown by how people address their partner, whether they use polite language or not to address others. Interpersonal skill also shown by how people respect’s other opinion, argument or theory. If someone could respect other’s people, even if they are not adopt the same tough, they may consider have good interpersonal skill.
Rapport is the ability to build a connection, relationship, and understanding with other people in communication. In order to do so, communicant need to show that they are open minded and respects other people opinion. This relationship also will be better if people could share the same interest or hobby. The last skill is listening skill. As communicators, someone not only should be able to speak but they also need to active listen to their partner.
As mention before family communication is rather complex compare to other conversation. Family has different way of communication, this part related to how the family identifies who is in charge of the family, age, power, emotional state, and position in the family. Communication between parents and children for example is different from the communication between children itself.
In their communication with children, parents need to control their emotion and watch their response to make children feel comfortable. To do so, parents need to use polite word and which could encourage children. In this case parents could reflect children’s word to ask them what the problem is. For example when children said “I hate going to school on Monday” parents should act by reply “sounds like your school is bored today?”. By doing so hopefully  Beside the word, the intonation while talking is also needs an attention. While talking with children parents supposed to keep their intonation slow soft. This is important to encourage children to speak and bring front their opinion or argument about the topic. By doing so hopefully the communication will goes well.
Parents also need to listen to what their children talking about and response it well. Listening is very essential skill in communication, every people can speak well however only few people who are good listeners. To encourage children to speak make sure to listen to their problem. Asked them by using question which gives them chance to explained their problems or opinions instead of using question which is answered by “yes” or “no”.

C.    DATA
1.    SOURCE.
The source of the data that used in this paper is taken from the writer’s family. The writer used his own family as a data source because it is the nearest data source around the writer which is the writer could access. This family consists of five members, grandmother, father, mother, older son and younger son.
Although the data source is from writer’s own family, the data which are collected by writer are valid and dependable. This data is gathered from the family daily conversations which are recorded by the writer and the data also could involve the writer in it.

2.    FIELD DATA.
The data for this assignment is taken by using note taking method. Writer writes the conversation among the family’s member that he heard. However not all of the conversation is used as the primary data for this assignment only few conversations which is suitable for the assignment is taken. Here are the conversations that used in this paper as primary data.
Ibuk    : Ngkeh pade mangan wah masak jangan ne.
Bapak : Ok, mangan juluk the.
Ibuk    : Husna, kuehan Papuq ne ngelor
Husna : Ngeh, (.9) Puq de ngelor
Papuq : Oq.
Papuk : Wah mek mangan.
Imam  : wah.
Ibuq    : Mbe Imam?
Papuq : Wah ne ongkat ne.

Imam : asalamualaikum, bukaan ku lawang.
Husna : aoq anteh mendak.
Imam  : (10) Ndaq man lenting jak ku lalo malik
Imam : (10) lenting lawang ne.
Husna : de ngenteng ni?
Imam  : aoq ne lek bale Banyot
Imam : temaq montorno
Husna : aok.

Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
Imam : Ante alo.
Husna : Mbe kepeng de mae?
Imam : Kepeng meq kadu.
Husna : Kepeng de sene, bareh aku meli.
Imam  : Matong mae.
Husna  : Ndarak kepeng ku.

Ibu       : Jaq de jok mbe?
Bapak  : Jaq Bapak ngeles lek sekolah.
Ibu       : Burong de begawah?
Bapak  : Jemaq wah, wah kedong te bejanji lek kanak-kanak no.
Ibu       : Aoq wah.

Papuq : Ndak sedut kertasni, jemak te jualne.
Bapak : Aok la!
Papuq : Rubin sedut meq ye.   
Bapak : La maseh lueq no!

Imam : Te lekaq, asalamualaikum.
Bapak : waalaikumsalam.
Imam : Buq, endeng kepeng te beli minyak
Ibuq   : Ngeh, anteh mendak

Husna : Ape beli de ni?
Imam : Yakitate japan.
Husna : ngak ne baru?
Imam : Lueq sene.
      Belian te es alo
Husna : embe kepengde?
Imam : kepeng mek kadu, wah ku mbeli komik aku.

3.    SECONDARY DATA.
Writer used book referent and data from internet as secondary data to support the data and analysis of the data. The secondary data of this assignment is not only from formal books, report, journal and other formal literature. This data is also from informal literature such as magazine, article, newspaper etc.

D.    DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.
From the data that gathered by writer from family daily conversation, writer get process the conversation into language product in form of data transcription. From the transcription writer analyze the data to find out what factors influence the communication among family members. As the result of data analysis, writer found out some factors that influence the communication among family members. The factors that influence communication in family are:
a.    Age.
Members of family have variation on age. The age of the member of a family vary from the oldest, grandparents, too the youngest, younger brother or sister. Age is the first factor which is influence communication in family.
In conversation among family members, the younger member will try to make their language more polite if they are communicate with the older member. The politeness will be shown in the word choice, intonation and the way to communicate. Consider this example (1.1).
Mother : Call grandma for dinner. (ngelor)
Husna   : Ok, (.9) Granny          time for dinner (ngelor).
This is the real transcription in Sasak language.
Mother : kuehan Papuq ne ngelor
Husna   : Ngeh, (.9) Puq            de ngelor
In the example above, the variation of age among the participant is like this; grandmother is the oldest and Husna is the youngest. In the first sentence mother use word dinner (in sasak language she used ngelor, the more polite language for older person) although she talked to her youngest son Husna. In this term mother used word dinner (ngelor) because she refer to grandmother who is her mother in law. So although mother talk to Husna she used polite language because indirectly she talk to older person, in this case grandmother.
So do Husna in the second sentence, when he reply’s to mother’s command he used word ngeh, which is the polite word to say ok in sasak language. This term as mention above is also because he is answering the older person (his mother). In this second sentence Husna also used expression dinner (ngelor) to inform grandmother that it is dinner time.
Even the pronoun choice that used to call the older person is different in Sasak language .Consider this second example (1.2) about word choice.
Imam : lock the door.
Husna : are you going to sleep at your friend house?
This is the transcription in Sasak language.
Imam : lenting lawang ne.
Husna : de ngenteng ni?
Look at the pronoun “de” that Husna used to refer to Imam, his older brother in the second sentence. Also consider the second sentence in the first example, in this sentence the pronoun “de” also appears. This pronoun is only used to call older person for example brother or grandmother. These examples show how age influences the word choice in family communication.
The intonation when family members talk to each other also influence by the age of the members. If a younger person talks to older person, they need to make their intonation no raising high. This is important since high intonation will make the younger person sound rude and un-polite.
Look at the example one, think about the sign of intonation that shown by the arrow. In sentence two Husna call his grandmother with falling intonation, this first intonation is to show that He is calling his grandmother for something. This falling intonation also shows that Husna is calling his grandmother from some place which is apart from grandmother place, kitchen for example. The second intonation also has the same role with the first falling intonation. Both of this intonation is to make the speech sounds more polite.
Think about this example below.
Husna : Grandma       dinner
In this example the conversation uses raising intonation. If the speaker talks by using this intonation, it will make the speaker sounds angry and commanding to the listener. If a younger person uses this kind of intonation to address older person it will consider rude and very impolite.  Even though they addresser use right and polite word to communicate with the addressee, it will still consider impolite.
The way or method of conversation also influence by age. Younger person need to use method which is considers as polite way to talk. These manners are includes nonverbal language such as eye contact, gesture, also the space to talk. Gesture that used to call or invite older person is different from the way to invite equal age person. The space is also must close or at least directly to the person.
All of those examples above show how age influence the communication from younger person to older person in a sasak family. However age does not influence communication from older person to younger person. In the family that takes as sample of this study does not show any influence of the age towards communication between the older to younger person. Consider this example below. Example (1.3)
Grandmother : have you eat?
Imam         : yes I have
Sasak translation.
Papuk : wah mek mangan.
Imam  : wah.
From that example above, we can see that grandmother does not need to use polite language to communicate with her grandson Imam. In the example grandmother uses word “mek” and “mangan” instead of “side” and “ngelor”. This is because from age point of view grandmother is older than Imam.

b.    Position in family.
The classification of family’s member also falls into the position inside the family. This position divided into elder or grandparents, parents such as mother and father, and the last one is children, daughter and son.
Position in the family also influences the way to communicate among family members. Even sometime this position could ignore the age influence in communication. This is shown in this example (2.1).
Imam : bring in the bike.
Husna : ok.
Sasak translation.
Imam : temaq montorno
Husna : aok.
In that conversation if we consider it from the age Husna use impolite language to reply Imam’s command, Instead of using word “ngeh”, he uses “aok”. This is because based on the position in family, Imam and Husna is in the equal position, children of the family.
Let’s look back to the second example in the age explanation where Imam and Husna have a conversation. In that conversation Husna use polite word towards Imam by calling him side “de”. Compare to the example 2.1 above, he used less polite language towards his brother. This is because in the example 2.1 Imam giving direct order to Husna, which is according to his position in the family is not appropriate, unless if he use word please. Imam and Husna both have that is why both of them cannot give order to each other, it is better if they are asking for help.
While in example 1.2 Husna use word de because he is asking question and in this position Husna put himself in the position someone who need something, at this point is information. That is why he used polite language beside because of the age variable influence.
Here is other example to make the explanation about influence of position in family toward the communication among family’s members. Example (2.2)
Imam : Buy me some snack.
Husna : You can go by your self
Translation in Sasak language.
Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
In this conversation shown that position in family does not only change the word choice but also change the intonation when someone talks. As shown in example 2.2 when Imam asked Husna to buy some snack Husna replies with little bit higher intonation than usual. That example shown that the intonation is changing into the impolite state, where he should not used it.
However the position in family only influences communication among children it does not influence the communication between parents. Consider this example below (2.3)
Mother : Where are you going?
Father : I am going to give course at school.
Sasak translation.
Ibu       : Jaq de jok mbe?
Bapak  : Jaq Bapak ngeles lek sekolah.
As shown in example 2.3, mother used polite language “de” to address father although they have the same position as parent. The intonation that used by mother is also appropriate with the question sentence and politeness. Unlike children who still use some impolite language and manner in their communication, parents used polite language and manner in their communication. This is shown that communication between mother and father does not influence by position in family.

c.    Power.
According to power point of view, a father has bigger power than the other family’s members. Father has the biggest power in family because he is the leader of the family. This power of course influences the communication in family itself, especially communication which involve the superior person in the family.
Consider this example (3.1) below
Grandmother : Don’t burn those papers, I will sell it tomorrow
Father     : I know it.!
Grandmother : You burn it yesterday
Father            : There are plenty of them!
Here is the Sasak translation.
Papuq : Ndak sedut kertasni, jemak te jualne.
Bapaq : Aok la! 
Papuq : Rubin sedut meq ye.
Bapak : La maseh lueq no!
According to age and position in family, grandmother is the most superior people in the family, since she is the oldest family’s member and mother of father itself. However in that example father use less polite language to communicate with grandmother. As shown in that example father used word “aok” rather than “ngeh” which is more polite than the first one. Not only the word choice but also the intonation that is used is also high and rather impolite to use to someone older. In that conversation father used high intonation.

d.    Intention.
The next aspect that influences the communication among family’s member is the intention in the conversation. When someone has intention that he or she after, they will use more polite language, intonation and watch the manner of communication to get it. This intention could be asking for help, or other thing. Look at the example (4.1) below.
Imam   : Mom, I need some money to buy gaso.
Mother : Ok, wait a minute.
Here is the original sasak translation.
Imam : Buk, endeng kepeng mae te beli minyako.
Ibuk   : Ngeh. Anteh mendak.
From the example above, show that Imam used soft pronunciation when he ask some money. This is represents by symbol o in the end of the sentence. Not only that, in that conversation imam also used low intonation in it. Some people could miss it with the respect because of age and mother position in the family. However he used that manner in conversation to gain what he desire to, in this case to get some money for gas.
Some conversation could influence by many aspects, in the example above the conversation is not only influence by intention only but also by age, and position in the family. However the stress point is in the influence of intention, than the others variables. Consider the next example to make it clear. Example 4.2
Imam : Buy me some snack.
Husna : You can go by your self
Translation in Sasak language.
Imam : Belian te jaje alo.
Husna : Belian diriq baene.
In that example above both of the communicators are in the same position in the family, as children. Based on the aged Imam is older than Husna, however Imam used low intonation which make his sentence sounds more polite. Even though he does not use any word which could make his request sounds more polite, the intonation that he used is enough.
Unlike the previous example in this example based on the age and position in family Imam does not need to used polite word to communicate with his younger brother Husna. However because Imam has intention that he wants to gain in this conversation, that is why he chose to use polite intonation for request. The low intonation is symbolized by arrow (             ).

e.    Emotional State
The next variable that influences the communication among family’s members is the emotional state of the family’s member. The emotions that can be occur in the family such as happiness, sadness, angry, upset, satisfaction and other human emotion. Each of emotional state could cause different way of communication among family’s members.
Consider this example 5.1 below.
Imam : Buy me some ice.
Husna : Where is your money.?
Here is the sasak translation.
Imam : Belian te es alo
Husna : Mbe kepeng de?.
This conversation happened after Imam come home and bought new comic books, which make Husna fell happy. If we compare to the example 2.2 when Imam ask Husna to buy snack for him, Husna rejected his command. However in this example Husna’s reply indicates that he wants to buy an ice for Imam. This reply is very contrast compared with the example 2.2.
In this example Husna does use any polite language to imam. As show in that example Husna use polite language “de” to address Imam. This part shows that he respects his brother. However pronoun “de” is not enough to indicate how emotional state influences family conversation. This is because Husna also used pronoun “de” to address Imam even when he is angry or rejecting Imam’s order. However we know that Husna try to be more polite in this conversation from his intonation.
Husna’s intonation is polite enough to reply a request from someone older than him. As shown in the conversation above instead of using high intonation as in example 2.2, Husna used falling intonation to reply the order. This intonation is shown by the arrow (       ). This example show that emotional state of the communicant is also influences the way of communication, even sometimes it has bigger influence than position in family.

E.    CONCLUSION.
Family as a smallest part of a social group in society is becomes the good representative of the social group in terms of the communication. Communication among family member also represents the communication in society.
Family is a group of people who are connected by biological relationship who are share the same vision of experience and future. In the other hand communication is the process of delivering massages from a person to other person. The person who delivered massages called as addresser and the person who receives massage called as addressee.
The skills that required in terms to build an effective communication are: interpersonal skill, rapport, and active listening. Interpersonal skill is the ability to make communication partner feel at ease and feel comfortable to communicate. Rapport is the ability to build a good connection and relationship between or among communicant. The last skill is listening skill, this is the most important skill in communication.
The communication among family’s member itself is influence by some aspect such as: age, power, position inside the family emotional state, and intention. Each of these factors influence one after another. Even sometimes a communication can be influence by two or more factors at the same time. These factors also influence each other one factor could im-power the other factor.
These factors of family communication influence the communication in the family in terms of word choice, intonation and manner of communication. Those factors of family communication could turn the word choice from polite word to rude word or the as backward. Intonation while communicating is also influence by these five factors. Each of these factors could make the intonation of a communicant raise or down. The last communication ability that influence by communication factors is manner of communication.

Reference (bibliografi)
Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Analysis. 1987. Cambridge Textbook In Linguistic.
Hatch, Evelyn. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge Language Teaching Library.
Wooffitt, Robin. Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis.
Prof. Mahyuni. Speech Styles and Cultural Consciousness in Sasak Community.
Rausch, Aadron. Farm and Family Connection: Communication in the Family. Farm Business Management for the 21st Century series. Edition 2001
Gebeke, Deb and Kim Bushaw. Family Communication and Family Meetings. 1995. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/yf/famsci/fs522w.htm
Koerner, Ascant F and Mary Anne Fitzpatric. Towards Theory of Family Communication. Copyright 2002 International Communication Asociation.
Bailey, Sandra J. Positive Family Communication. Montana state University.
Holmes, Patricia H and Marilyn A Sachs. Family Communication Overcoming Obstacles. Fact Sheet: Family and Consumers Sciences edition 2007.